Chapter 7: Multimedia

Chapter 7: Multimedia

7.1 Introduction to Multimedia

Multimedia refers to the combination of different forms of content such as text, images, audio, video, and animation to convey information. It enhances communication by making it more engaging and interactive.

Characteristics of Multimedia:

Ø  Multisensory: Engages multiple senses (sight, hearing, etc.).

Ø  Interactive: Users can interact with the content.

Ø  Integrated: Combines various media formats.

Ø  Digital Representation: Stored and processed using computers.

Types of Multimedia:

Ø  Linear Multimedia: Users have no control over the flow (e.g., movies, presentations).

Ø  Non-linear Multimedia: Users can navigate content freely (e.g., websites, video games).

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7.2 Components of Multimedia

1. Text

Ø  The most basic and widely used form of multimedia.

Ø  Used for conveying information in documents, articles, presentations, etc.

Ø  Examples: Books, articles, captions in videos.

2. Graphics

Ø  Images, drawings, and illustrations used to represent information visually.

Ø  Formats: JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.

Ø  Used in advertisements, websites, digital art, etc.

3. Audio

Ø  Sound elements such as music, speech, and sound effects.

Ø  Formats: MP3, WAV, AAC.

Ø  Used in podcasts, music streaming, radio, etc.

4. Video

Ø  Moving images that create a visual representation of events.

Ø  Formats: MP4, AVI, MKV.

Ø  Used in movies, video tutorials, online streaming, etc.

5. Animation

Ø  A sequence of images played rapidly to create the illusion of movement.

Ø  Types: 2D animation, 3D animation, stop-motion animation.

Ø  Used in cartoons, video games, advertisements, etc.

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7.3 Applications of Multimedia

1. Education

Ø  E-learning platforms, interactive lessons, digital libraries.

Ø  Example: Online courses, virtual reality in classrooms.

2. Entertainment

Ø  Video games, movies, music videos, and animations.

Ø  Example: Netflix, YouTube, animated films.

3. Business & Advertising

Ø  Digital marketing, advertisements, product promotions.

Ø  Example: Social media ads, product demos.

4. Healthcare

Ø  Medical imaging, virtual surgeries, telemedicine.

Ø  Example: 3D visualization of human organs.

5. Engineering & Design

Ø  CAD (Computer-Aided Design), simulations, modelling.

Ø  Example: Architecture, mechanical design.

6. Communication

Ø  Video conferencing, virtual meetings, social media.

Ø  Example: Zoom, Skype, WhatsApp.

Chapter: 8 Information Security and Cyber Law

 

8.1 Digital Society and Computer Ethics

• Digital Society: A society where information and communication technologies (ICT) are widely used for communication, business, education, and governance.
• Computer Ethics: Moral principles guiding the use of computers and technology, including:
• Privacy: Protecting personal information.
• Accuracy: Ensuring data integrity.
• Property: Respecting intellectual property rights.
• Accessibility: Ensuring fair access to technology.

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8.2 Concept of Information Security

• Information Security: Protecting data from unauthorized access, modification, or destruction.
• Three key principles (CIA Triad):
• Confidentiality: Restricting access to authorized users.
• Integrity: Ensuring data is accurate and unaltered.
• Availability: Ensuring data is accessible when needed.
• Threats: Hacking, phishing, malware, insider threats.
• Security Measures: Firewalls, encryption, strong passwords, regular updates.

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8.3 Concept of Cybercrime

• Cybercrime: Illegal activities involving computers and networks.
• Types of Cybercrime:
• Hacking and unauthorized access.
• Identity theft and fraud.
• Online scams and phishing.
• Cyberbullying and harassment.
• Ransomware and data breaches.

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8.4 Malicious Software and Spam

• Malicious Software (Malware): Programs designed to harm a system, including:
• Virus: Self-replicating programs that attach to files.
• Worm: Self-spreading malware that does not need a host file.
• Trojan Horse: Disguised as legitimate software.
• Spyware: Secretly collects user information.
• Ransomware: Encrypts data and demands payment.
• Spam: Unsolicited or unwanted emails, often used for phishing and spreading malware.

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8.5 Protection from Cybercrime

• Use Strong Passwords: Combination of letters, numbers, and symbols.
• Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Extra security layer.
• Install Antivirus and Firewalls: Protect against malware.
• Avoid Phishing Scams: Do not click on suspicious links.
• Regular Software Updates: Fix security vulnerabilities.

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8.6 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

• Intellectual Property: Creations of the mind, including inventions, artistic works, and software.
• Types of IPR:
• Copyright: Protects books, music, software, etc.
• Patent: Protects inventions.
• Trademark: Protects brand names and logos.
• Trade Secret: Confidential business information.
• Importance: Encourages innovation and protects creators' rights.

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8.7 Concept of Digital Signature

• Digital Signature: Electronic authentication method that ensures:
• Authenticity: Confirms sender’s identity.
• Integrity: Ensures data is unchanged.
• Non-repudiation: Prevents denial of sending a document.
• Uses: Secure transactions, online contracts, e-governance.

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8.8 Concept of Cyber Law in Nepal

• Cyber Law: Legal regulations related to cyber activities.
• Key Aspects of Nepal’s Cyber Law:
• Electronic Transactions Act (ETA) 2063 (2006):
• Recognizes digital signatures.
• Penalizes hacking, data theft, and online fraud.
• Defines punishment for cybercrime offenses.

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8.9 ICT Policy in Nepal

• ICT Policy: Government framework for promoting information and communication technology.
• Key Objectives:
• Develop digital infrastructure.
• Promote e-governance and digital literacy.
• Strengthen cybersecurity measures.
• Encourage innovation and digital entrepreneurship.

Chapter 1: Computer System(Handwritten Notes)

 

NEB class 11 and 12 computer science new curriculum and syllabus

 The field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has undergone significant changes recently, and this evolution continues. Consequently, the importance of computer education is growing steadily. In recognition of this, the computer science curriculum for Grades 11 and 12 has been designed in line with the National Curriculum Framework, 2076. Studying this course will not only prepare students for the job market but also lay the foundation for advanced studies in the field.

NEB Class 11 and 12 Chapter Summary of Computer Science

Chapter Summary of Computer Science (New NEB Curriculum syllabus Class 11 and 12)
Class 11	Class 12
1. Computer system	1. DBMS Concept
2. Number system and conversion Boolean logic	2. Concept of Network and data communication
3. Computer software and operating system	3. Web technology - II (CSS, JavaScript, PHP)
4. Application package	4. Programming II
5. Programming concepts and logics	5. OOP concept
6. Web technology - I	6. Software process model
7. Multimedia	7. Recent trends in ICT
8. Information security and cyber law

 

NEB New Curriculum of Class 11 Computer Science

Unit	Contents
Computer System (20 Hour)	1.1 Introduction of computer 1.1.1 Definition, characteristics and application of computer 1.1.2 Evolution of computer technology 1.1.3 Measurement unit of processing speed and storage unit 1.1.4 Super, Mainframe, Mini and Microcomputers 1.1.5 Mobile Computing and its Application  1.2 Computer system and I/O devices 1.2.1 Concept of computer architecture and organization 1.2.2 Components of computer system: input unit, output unit, processing unit, memory unit and storage 1.2.3 Microprocessor: basic concepts, clock speed, word length, components and functions 1.2.4 Bus System: data bus, address bus and control bus 1.2.5 Primary memory: Definition, RAM, ROM, Cache, Buffer, types of RAM and ROM 1.2.6 Secondary Memory: Definition, Magnetic Disk, Flash Memory, Optical Disk, External Storage Device and memo stick 1.2.7 Input Devices – Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Light Pen, OMR, OCR, BCR, MICR, Scanner, Touch Screen, Microphone and Digital Camera. 1.2.8 Output Devices: Monitor (LCD, LED), Printer (Dot Matrix, Inkjet, Laser), Speaker 1.2.9 Hardware Interfaces: Parallel Port, Serial Port, USB Ports, HDMI and Expansion Slots
2.  Number System and  Conversion Boolean Logic (11 Hour)	2.1 Number System and conversion 2.1.1 Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Number System & conversion 2.1.2 Calculation in binary addition, subtraction 2.1.3 One’s and Two’s complement methods of binary subtraction 2.2 Logic Function and Boolean Algebra 2.2.1 Introduction to Boolean algebra 2.2.2 Introduction to Boolean values, truth table, Boolean expression and Boolean function. 2.2.3 Logic Gates –AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR – its definition, truth table, logic symbol, logic function 2.2.4 Laws of Boolean algebra – Boolean identities, Complement Laws, Identity, Commutative, Associative and Distributive 2.2.5 Statement and verification of Laws of Boolean algebra using truth table
3. Computer Software and  Operating System (12 Hour)	3.1 Concept of Software 3.1.1 Definition of software 3.1.2 Categories of software: System, Utility, Application, Web Based, Mobile Apps 3.2 Concept of Operating System 3.2.1 Introduction to Operating System  3.2.2 Role of Operating System  3.2.3 Functions of an Operating System 3.2.4  Operating system terminology: multiprogramming, multitasking, multiprocessing and distributed 3.3 Windows Operating System   3.3.1 Introduction to GUI based Operating system and its features 3.3.2 Working in Desktop Application and Window Environment 3.3.3 Manage Files and Folders with File Explorer 3.3.4 Customize the start screen and desktop  3.3.5 Installing and removing devices  3.3.6 Manage passwords and privacy levels  3.3.7 Use of control panel, system tools and accessories 3.4 Open sources and Mobile Operating System 3.4.1  Concept of Open Sources Operating System 3.4.2  Introduction to Linux and UNIX 3.4.3  Linux Distributions 3.4.4  Concept of Mobile Operating System 3.4.5  Types of Mobile Operating System
4. Application Package (5 Hour)	4.1  Introduction to Office Package -  Word processor, Presentation tool, spreadsheet package, database management system; 4.2  Introduction to domain-specific tools - school management system, inventory management system,  payroll system, financial accounting, hotel management, weather forecasting system.
5. Programming Concepts &  Logics (8 hours)	5.1  Programming Concept 5.1.1 Introduction to programming languages 5.1.2 Low level, High level, 4 GL programming languages 5.1.3 Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler 5.1.4 Syntax, Semantic and Runtime errors 5.1.5 ControlStructures: Sequence,Selection and Iteration 5.1.6 Program Design tools – Algorithm, Flowchart and Pseudocode 5.1.7 Absolute binary, BCD, ASCII and Unicode 5.2  C Programming Languages 5.2.1 Introduction and features of C Language 5.2.2 Structure of C program 5.2.3 C Preprocessor and Header Files  5.2.4 Character Set used in C 5.2.5 Use of Comments 5.2.6 Identifiers, Keywords and Tokens  5.2.7 Basic Data Types in C 5.2.8 Constants and Variables 5.2.9 Type of Specifier 5.2.10 Simple and Compound Statements 5.2.11 Operators and Expressions: arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, unary and conditional operators 5.2.12 Input/output (I/O) Functions 5.2.13 Selection Control Statement: Decisions (if, if-else, if-else-if, nested and, switch) 5.2.14 Iteration Control Statement: Looping (while, do while, for nested) 5.2.15 Array: definition, types(1D and 2D), matrix addition and subtraction 5.2.16 String: definition and string function : strlen(), strcat(), strcmp(), strrev(), strcpy(), strlwr(), strupr()
6. Web Technology I (8 hour)	6.1 Introduction: Web development introduction 6.2 Web browsers and search Engines 6.3 Overview of various internet & web technologies 6.4 Content Management System (CMS) 6.4. HTML: The Language of the Web 6.4.1 Objectives 6.4.2 Structure of HTML 6.4.3 Published and Hosting  6.4.4 HTML Tags vs. Attributes 6.4.5. Basic Tags of HTML: HTML, HEAD, TITLE, BODY (Setting the Fore color and Background color, Background Image, Background Sound) 6.4.6 Heading tag (H1 to H6) and attributes(ALIGN), 6.4.7 FONT tag and Attributes (Size: 1 to 7 Levels, BASEFONT, SMALL, BIG,COLOR) 6.4.8 Paragraph Formatting (P)  6.4.9 Break Line BR 6.4.10. Comment in HTML () 6.4.11. Formatting Text (B, I, U, Mark, Sup, Sub, EM, BLOCKQUOTE, PREFORMATTED) 6.4.12. Ordered List- OL (LI, Type- 1, I, A, a; START,VALUE) 6.4.13. Unordered List - UL (Bullet Type- Disc, Circle, Square, DL, DT, DD) 6.4.14 ADDRESS Tag ·  Creating Links: Link to other HTML documents or data objects ·  Links to other places in the same HTML documents ·  Links to places in other HTML documents ·  Anchor Tag and Hyperlink 6.4.15. Tables: Creating Tables using TH, TR and TD tags 6.4.16 Forms: Creating form using Textbox, radio, checkbox, text area, button 6.4.17 Introduction to HTML 5 Elements including audio, embed, source, track and video attributes 6.4.18 HTML 5 Graphics using canvas and svg tags 6.4.19 Concept of domain name and web hosting 6.5 Cascading Style Sheets 6.5.1 Introduction to Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) 6.5.2 Inline CSS  6.5.3 Embedded CSS  6.5.4 External CSS
7. Multimedia (6 hour)	7.1 Introduction to Multimedia 7.2 Component of Multimedia: Text, Graphics, Audio, Video and Animation 7.3 Application of Multimedia
8. Information Security and Cyber Law	8.1 Digital society and computer ethics  8.2 Concept of Information security  8.3 Concept of Cybercrime 8.4 Malicious software and Spam 8.5 Protection from cybercrime 8.6 Intellectual Property Right 8.7 Concept of Digital Signature  8.8 Concept of Cyber Law in Nepal  8.9 ICT Policy in Nepal

 

NEB New Curriculum of Class 12 Computer Science

Unit	Contents
Database Management System (DBMS) (12 Hour)	1.1  Introduction to data, database, Database system, DBMS 1.2  Field, Record, Objects, Primary Key, Alternate key, Candidate key 1.3  Advantages of using DBMS 1.4  DDL (Data Definition Language) and DML (Data Manipulation Language) 1.5  Database Model: Network Model, Hierarchical Model, Relational database model 1.6  Concept of Normalization: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF 1.7  Centralized Vs. Distributed Database 1.8  Database Security
2. Data Communication and Networking (15 hour)	2.1 Basic elements of Communication System:  2.2 Concept of Communication System 2.3 Block Diagram of communication System /Model 2.4 Elements of Data Communication/Transmission 2.5 Simplex, Half duplex and Full duplex communication mode 2.6 Concept of LAN and WAN 2.7 Transmission Medium: Guided and Unguided 2.8 Transmission impairments terminology (Jitter, Singing, Echo, Crosstalk, Distortion, Noise, Bandwidth, Number of receivers) 2.9 Basic concept of Networks Architecture: Client- Server and Peer-to-peer 2.10 Some Basic Terms and Tool Used in Computer Network: IP Address, Sub Net Mask and Gateway, MAC address, Internet, Intranet Extranet 2.11 Network Tool: Packet tracer, Remote Login 2.12 Network Connecting Devices: NIC, Modem, router, switch 2.13 Network Topologies: Bus, Ring and star topology  2.14 Basic Concept OSI Reference Model 2.15 Internet Protocol Addressing
3.  Web technology II (12 hour)	3.1  Introduction 3.2  Server side and Client Side Scripting 3.3  Introduction of internet technology 3.4  Adding Java script to HTML page 3.5  Java script fundamental 3.6  Java Script Data types 3.7  Variables and operators 3.8  Functions and control structure if-else, if-else- if, switch-case, for, while, do while loop 3.9  Object based programming with Java Script and Event handling 3.10  Image, event and form objects 3.11  Form validation, JQuery 3.12  Server Side Scripting using PHP 3.13  Introduction to PHP: Hardware and Software Requirements 3.14  Object oriented programming with server side scripting 3.15 Basic PHP syntax 3.16 PHP data types 3.17 Basic Programming in PHP 3.18 Operators (Arithmetic, logical, comparison, operator precedence) 3.19 Variables Manipulation 3.20 Database Connectivity 3.21 Connecting server side script to database  3.22 Making SQL queries 3.23 Fetching data sets getting data about data  3.24 Creating SQL database with server side scripting 3.25 Displaying queries in tables
4. Programming in C (12 Hour)	4.1 Review of C programming concept 4.2 Functions 4.2.1  Concept of library and user defined functions and advantages 4.2.2  function definition, prototype, call and return statements 4.2.3  Accessing a Function by passing values 4.2.4  Concept of storage: automatic and external 4.2.5  Concept of Recursion: factorial and Fibonacci problems 4.3 Structures and Unions 4.3.1 Structure: Definition, Declaration, Initialization and Size of Structure. 4.3.2 Accessing member of structure 4.3.3 Array of structure 4.3.4 Union: Definition, Declaration 4.3.5 Difference between union and structure. 4.4 Pointers 4.4.1 Definition of Pointer 4.4.2 Address (&) and indirection (*) operator  4.4.3 Pointer Expression and Assignment  4.4.4 Call by values and call by reference 4.5 Working with Files 4.5.1 Concept of Data File 4.5.2 Sequential and Random File 4.5.3 File manipulation function: putw, getw, putc, getc, fscanf, fprintf 4.5.4 Opening, Reading, Writing and Appending data file
5. Object- Oriented Programming (OOP) (10 hour)	5.1 Programming paradigms: procedural, structural and object oriented 5.2 Features of OOP: Class, Object, Polymorphism and Inheritance 5.3 Advantages of OOP  5.4 Application of OOP
6. Software Process Model (10 hour)	6.1 Software Project Concept 6.2  Concept of software development process 6.3  Concept SDLC life cycle 6.4  System Analyst Vs Software Engineer 6.5  Requirement Collection Methods 6.6  Concept of system design 6.7  Software and quality 6.8  Software development model: waterfall, prototype, agile
7. Recent Trends in Technology (9 hour)	7.1  Concept of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Robotics 7.2  Concept of Cloud Computing 7.3  Concept of Big Data 7.4  Concept of Virtual Reality 7.5  Concept of e-com, e-medicine, e-gov. 7.6  Concept of Mobile Computing 7.7  Concept of Internet of things(IoT)